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Alienware : The Ultimate Gaming Machine™

                           Don't confuse the new M17x with the busted old Area-51 m17x that it replaced.                          

I haven't gotten to test one of these systems yet and I haven't read any definitive reviews, but from what I've seen things are looking good so far. The chassis looks great, even compared to the m17x "Ripley" design (which was adequate), and the options allow for a capable computer. It's a bit pricey and I'm pretty sure that it's not the best gaming notebook dollar-for-dollar, but it's hard to deny the appeal of it.

Here is a build that I think would work nicely but still manages a reasonable price:

Starting price: $1799

    * Core 2 Duo T9600 ($200 upgrade)
    * Vista Home Premium 64-bit
    * Dual Nvidia 260M video cards ($300)
    * 1920×1200 display ($150)
    * 4GB 1066 DDR3 RAM
    * dual 320GB disks in RAID0 ($50)
    * DVD burner

Total price: $2499 (pre-tax).

That's a solid system that doesn't skimp on anything serious. Plus it allows for SLI video, and two hard drives. I would point out that if you want the system for workstation tasks you should consider the quad-core Q9000 processor (+$50) but that drops you down to 2.0GHz. Also the RAID0 is not for everyone, but it could be a cheap speed boost if you don't want to get the SSD. If this is your main computer or you want to do work with it, you can go RAID1 for the same price. Also, if you have a nice external display that you'll be using, go with a 1440×900 display and save yourself $150 (you almost buy a 24-inch display with that much these days).

THE SKYWALK DAY

THE RATTLE SNAKE BODY OF IT

THE UPHILLL WALK..

hii

Hiii..blog s awsome!!



With All My Love

THE PERFECT!!!!

ACCORDING TO ME HE IS THE ONLY PERFECT ONE WHO HAS EVER LIVED AFTER MY DAD!!CMON M A HUMAN 2OOO...

Relation Between Science, Philosophy And Religion

"Science is exact knowledge of the facts of nature, classified and systematized."

"Philosophy is the conclusions which men, in their search for a knowledge of truth, have drawn from the facts of Science."

Well anyone can be free opposing with their comments as that is what would make space in "mind" for the next few intrestin para s...

"THIS IS AN EXTRACT FROM A BOOK THAT WOULD MAKE YOU YAWN BUT THE ENORMUS AMOUNT OF THINGS HE TRIES TO SAY EXCLAMATES US..

( Originally Published Early 1900's )"

Beggining form the intial' ...

Science, Philosophy and Religion ought to begin with the known facts of human life and its environment. They represent three attempts to explain the universe. Their mission is correlated, namely, to extend the limitations of knowledge, to cultivate devotion and obedience to Truth and Law, to include and comprehend man as he is with all that he is capable of becoming in one explanation of life or story of the process of evolution which shall be in harmony with the whole plan that apparently fills all time and space.

The evolution, growth and development of Science, Philosophy and Religion involve the whole history of man as differentiated from the animals. The progress which man has made in these departments measures his departure from the animal plane. The goal is ever-present and will, doubtless, always continue to be the next step. There is no zenith. There can be no conclusion. No doubt, the unknown will continue to exist, and thus provide materials and incentives for growth in knowledge, refinement and power.

The principle of gradual development, or evolution, seems to pervade and illumine every department of nature and every phase of human life and thought. This grand principle is clearly not dependent upon organic evolution of physical bodies. That is a minor theory which has too long obscured far more important facts and relations. These more important facts and relations are analyzed and synthesized in Science, Philosophy and Religion.

We have no knowledge of any beginnings but imperfect ones. We have no information regarding origins which do not indicate far less perfect conditions than are now visible. There is no reliable record of any Golden Age or any previous better condition. The theory called "the Fall of Man," based upon the first chapters of Genesis, does not give any particulars of a previous better state. That allegory does not picture anything in Adam's attainments prior to "the fall" which we would consider as satisfactory. If the Adamic state is considered satisfactory it is difficult to explain why Adam "fell."

However, there is very probably a dim record in every soul, of feelings and intuitions of what may have been the "Fall" or descent of spirit into matter. This may have given rise to the tradition, but it is merely speculative, in the absence of further knowledge. Nevertheless, there are some things which we may reasonably consider that we do know.

For example:

We know that History begins with story, legend and tradition. It is the labor and difficulty of historians of every epoch, modern or ancient, to separate the facts from their associations.

We know that Science and Religion alike had their origin in myths. One had just as respectable a birth as the other. They have equally good, and bad, records. It is the proper business of every honest person to discriminate and to select what seems most reasonable while rejecting the explanations which seem unreasonable.

We know that great empires were established for centuries upon the theory of "the divine right of kings." The gradual increase of intelligence and independence has diminished the power of that theory to a considerable extent.

We know that many systems of laws were supposed to be of Divine gift. Only when the intellectual development of the people advanced beyond the limits allowed by the system, did they doubt its origin. When they were able to legislate improvements for themselves, they understood the necessary derivation of all laws from human insight and understanding.

Now, if History and Science, Empires and Legislations began in mythological beliefs, is there any reason for casting any reflection upon Religion for having a similar origin?

It is evident that the race has ascended to the degree of knowledge it has of every kind, through legend, myth and fable. Science, Philosophy and Religion have similar histories. All forms of government, Ecclesiastical, Military and Civil, have the same main features of historical development; nor can any man say which has the best record.

Therefore, representatives of any system or institution should be considerate with representatives of any other.

Science, Philosophy and Religion are all tainted with personal opinions, prejudices and ignorance. In fact, it would seem that to every individual clings more or less of tradition, superstition, imperfect intuitions, or the results of imagination. One of the greatest obstacles to adequate interpretations is a limited range of genuine knowledge. "A little learning is a dangerous thing." Intelligent and justly-famed Biologists endeavor to interpret higher ranges of nature's phenomena by the principles and laws they have discerned among the animals. On the other hand, men of deep personal piety and sterling character ignore the vast range of nature's phenomena and the great achievements of Science because these are outside of their religious interests as they understand them.

The tendency of Science and Religion to approach a unity in intelligence and reverence is one measure of their growth. The scientist needs the religious spirit in the true sense to appreciate the highest product of nature of which we are cognizant, which is the soul of man. The religious man needs Science to enable him to appreciate his own environment and the possibilities afforded thereby.

To many people the idea of a scientific Religion is unthinkable, preposterous, and even blasphemous. But patient thinking and correct Philosophy bave changed this attitude in many cases. True Religion and true Philosophy are both scientific. Devotion to Science should become part of Religion. Religion is applied Science and Philosophy.

As all our present institutions are products of the past, we have interest in everything that illumines the mental pathway of our ancestors. While learning from the past, we should resolve to make better records in every respect. We are animated with more intelligent and powerful life forces, especially on the mental and spiritual planes. Our facilities for accomplishing definite results are superior in numberless respects. We have greater opportunities than any preceding generation.

Science is being continually re-written, but it is not discredited thereby. Without having absolute confidence in the full correctness of any explanation of nature's phenomena and laws, we have working faith in all Science as it exists. We are not disabled by our consciousness of its limitations and its lack of certainty. On the contrary, we are assisted by the degree of knowledge which we have attained. Our cheerfulness is not founded upon presumption but upon a large degree of certainty.

FOR MORE REFERENCE BEFORE PART-II

VISIT http://www.oldandsold.com/..

MATHEMATICS........

"Maths" and "Math" redirect here. For other uses of "Mathematics" or "Math", see Mathematics (disambiguation) and Math (disambiguation).

Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens.

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, relation, change, and various topics of pattern, form and entity. Mathematicians seek out patterns and other quantitative dimensions, whether dealing with numbers, spaces, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or other entities.Mathematicians formulate new conjectures and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions.

There is debate over whether mathematical objects exist objectively by nature of their logical purity, or whether they are manmade and detached from reality. The mathematician Benjamin Peirce called mathematics "the science that draws necessary conclusions".Albert Einstein, on the other hand, stated that "as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality."

Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics evolved from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Knowledge and use of basic mathematics have always been an inherent and integral part of individual and group life. Refinements of the basic ideas are visible in mathematical texts originating in the ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Chinese, Greek and Islamic worlds. Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements. The development continued in fitful bursts until the Renaissance period of the 16th century, when mathematical innovations interacted with new scientific discoveries, leading to an acceleration in research that continues to the present day.

Today, mathematics is used throughout the world as an essential tool in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, and the social sciences such as economics and psychology. Applied mathematics, the branch of mathematics concerned with application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires and makes use of new mathematical discoveries and sometimes leads to the development of entirely new disciplines. Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind, although practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered later...

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Antiparticle

 

Corresponding to most kinds of particles, there is an associated antiparticle with the same mass and opposite electric charge. For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positively charged antielectron, or positron, which is produced naturally in certain types of radioactive decay.

The laws of nature are very nearly symmetrical with respect to particles and antiparticles. For example, an antiproton and a positron can form an antihydrogen atom, which has almost exactly the same properties as a hydrogen atom. A physicist whose body was made of antimatter, doing experiments in a laboratory also made of antimatter, using chemicals and substances comprised of antiparticles, would find almost exactly the same results in all experiments. This leads to the question of why the formation of matter after the Big Bang resulted in a universe consisting almost entirely of matter, rather than being a half-and-half mixture of matter and antimatter. The discovery of CP violation helped to shed light on this problem by showing that this symmetry, originally thought to be perfect, was only approximate.

Particle-antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other, producing photons; since the charges of the particle and antiparticle are opposite, charge is conserved. For example, the antielectrons produced in natural radioactive decay quickly annihilate themselves with electrons, producing pairs of gamma rays.

Antiparticles are produced naturally in beta decay, and in the interaction of cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere. Because charge is conserved, it is not possible to create an antiparticle without either destroying a particle of the same charge (as in beta decay), or creating a particle of the opposite charge. The latter is seen in many processes in which both a particle and its antiparticle are created simultaneously, as in particle accelerators. This is the inverse of the particle-antiparticle annihilation process.

Although particles and their antiparticles have opposite charges, electrically neutral particles need not be identical to their antiparticles. The neutron, for example, is made out of quarks, the antineutron from antiquarks, and they are distinguishable from one another because neutrons and antineutrons annihilate each other upon contact. However, other neutral particles are their own antiparticles, such as photons, the hypothetical gravitons, and WIMPs. These are called Majorana particles and can annihilate with themselves.

 

 

History

Experiment

In 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl D. Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles in a cloud chamber— a particle detector in which moving electrons (or positrons) leave behind trails as they move through the gas. The electric charge-to-mass ratio of a particle can be measured by observing the curling of its cloud-chamber track in a magnetic field. Originally, positrons, because of the direction that their paths curled, were mistaken for electrons travelling in the opposite direction.

The antiproton and antineutron were found by Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. Since then the antiparticles of many other subatomic particles have been created in particle accelerator experiments. In recent years, complete atoms of antimatter have been assembled out of antiprotons and positrons, collected in electromagnetic traps^{[citation needed]}.

Hole theory

... the development of quantum field theory made the interpretation of antiparticles as holes unnecessary, even though it lingers on in many textbooks.  —  Steven Weinberg in The quantum theory of fields, Vol I, p 14, ISBN 0-521-55001-7

Solutions of the Dirac equation contained negative energy quantum states. As a result, an electron could always radiate energy and fall into a negative energy state. Even worse, it could keep radiating infinite amount of energy because there were infinitely many negative energy states available. To prevent this unphysical situation from happening, Dirac proposed that a "sea" of negative-energy electrons fills the universe, already occupying all of the lower energy states so that, due to the Pauli exclusion principle no other electron could fall into them. Sometimes, however, one of these negative energy particles could be lifted out of this Dirac sea to become a positive energy particle. But when lifted out, it would leave behind a hole in the sea which would act exactly like a positive energy electron with a reversed charge. These he interpreted as the proton, and called his paper of 1930 A theory of electrons and protons.

Dirac was aware of the problem that his picture implied an infinite negative charge for the universe. Dirac tried to argue that we would perceive this as the normal state of zero charge. Another difficulty was the difference in masses of the electron and the proton. Dirac tried to argue that this was due to the electromagnetic interactions with the sea, until Hermann Weyl proved that hole theory was completely symmetric between negative and positive charges. Dirac also predicted a reaction e⁻+p⁺ → γ+γ, where an electron and a proton annihilate to give two photons. Robert Oppenheimer and Igor Tamm proved that this would cause ordinary matter to disappear too fast. A year later, in 1931, Dirac modified his theory and postulated the positron, a new particle of the same mass as the electron. The discovery of this particle the next year removed the last two objections to his theory.

However, the problem of infinite charge of the universe remains. Also, as we now know, bosons also have antiparticles, but since they do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle, hole theory doesn't work for them. A unified interpretation of antiparticles is now available in quantum field theory, which solves both these problems.

Particle-antiparticle annihilation

Main article: Annihilation

An example of a virtual pion pair which influences the propagation of a kaon causing a neutral kaon to mix with the antikaon. This is an example of renormalization in quantum field theory— the field theory being necessary because the number of particles changes from one to two and back again.

If a particle and antiparticle are in the appropriate quantum states, then they can annihilate each other and produce other particles. Reactions such as e⁻ + e⁺ →  γ + γ (the two-photon annihilation of an electron-positron pair) is an example. The single-photon annihilation of an electron-positron pair, e⁻ + e⁺ → γ cannot occur because it is impossible to conserve energy and momentum together in this process. The reverse reaction is also impossible for this reason. However, in quantum field theory this process is allowed as an intermediate quantum state for times short enough that the violation of energy conservation can be accommodated by the uncertainty principle. This opens the way for virtual pair production or annihilation in which a one particle quantum state may fluctuate into a two particle state and back. These processes are important in the vacuum state and renormalization of a quantum field theory. It also opens the way for neutral particle mixing through processes such as the one pictured here: which is a complicated example of mass renormalization.

Properties of antiparticles

Quantum states of a particle and an antiparticle can be interchanged by applying the charge conjugation (C), parity (P), and time reversal (T) operators. If |p,σ,n> denotes the quantum state of a particle (n) with momentum p, spin J whose component in the z-direction is σ, then one has

where n^c denotes the charge conjugate state, i.e., the antiparticle. This behaviour under CPT is the same as the statement that the particle and its antiparticle lie in the same irreducible representation of the Poincare group. Properties of antiparticles can be related to those of particles through this. If T is a good symmetry of the dynamics, then

where the proportionality sign indicates that there might be a phase on the right hand side. In other words, particle and antiparticle must have

the same mass m

the same spin state J

opposite electric charges
q and -q.

Quantum field theory

This section draws upon the ideas, language and notation of canonical quantization of a quantum field theory.

One may try to quantize an electron field without mixing the annihilation and creation operators by writing

where we use the symbol k to denote the quantum numbers p and σ of the previous section and the sign of the energy, E(k), and a_k denotes the corresponding annihilation operators. Of course, since we are dealing with fermions, we have to have the operators satisfy canonical anti-commutation relations. However, if one now writes down the Hamiltonian

then one sees immediately that the expectation value of H need not be positive. This is because E(k) can have any sign whatsoever, and the combination of creation and annihilation operators has expectation value 1 or 0.

So one has to introduce the charge conjugate antiparticle field, with its own creation and annihilation operators satisfying the relations

where k has the same p, and opposite σ and sign of the energy. Then one can rewrite the field in the form

where the first sum is over positive energy states and the second over those of negative energy. The energy becomes

where E₀ is an infinite negative constant. The vacuum state is defined as the state with no particle or antiparticle, i.e., and . Then the energy of the vacuum is exactly E₀. Since all energies are measured relative to the vacuum, H is positive definite. Analysis of the properties of a_k and b_k shows that one is the annihilation operator for particles and the other for antiparticles. This is the case of a fermion.

This approach is due to Vladimir Fock, Wendell Furry and Robert Oppenheimer. If one quantizes a real scalar field, then one finds that there is only one kind of annihilation operator; therefore real scalar fields describe neutral bosons. Since complex scalar fields admit two different kinds of annihilation operators, which are related by conjugation, such fields describe charged bosons.

The Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation

By considering the propagation of the negative energy modes of the electron field backward in time, Ernst Stueckelberg reached a pictorial understanding of the fact that the particle and antiparticle have equal mass m and spin J but opposite charges q. This allowed him to rewrite perturbation theory precisely in the form of diagrams. Richard Feynman later gave an independent systematic derivation of these diagrams from a particle formalism, and they are now called Feynman diagrams. Each line of a diagram represents a particle propagating either backward or forward in time. This technique is the most widespread method of computing amplitudes in quantum field theory today.

Since this picture was first developed by Ernst Stueckelberg, and acquired its modern form in Feynman's work, it is called the Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation of antiparticles to honor both scientists.

See also

Gravitational interaction of antimatter

Parity, charge conjugation and time reversal symmetry.

CP violations and the baryon asymmetry of the universe.

Quantum field theory and the list of particles

Baryogenesis

References

Feynman, Richard P. "The reason for antiparticles", in The 1986 Dirac memorial lectures, R.P. Feynman and S. Weinberg. Cambridge University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-521-34000-4.

Weinberg, Steven. The quantum theory of fields, Volume 1: Foundations. Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-521-55001-7.